{
  "title": "How Is Injury Severity Determined? Standards for Forensic Assessment of Human Injury Severity — Minor Injury",
  "content": "## Cranium/Brain and Spinal Cord\n1. Neurological symptoms after head trauma.\n2. Scalp abrasion area ≥ 5.0 cm²; scalp contusion; subgaleal (subscalp) hematoma.\n3. Scalp wound or scar.\n\n## Face and Auricle (Pinna)\n1. Facial soft-tissue wound.\n2. Facial injury leaving a scar or pigmentation change.\n3. Facial skin abrasion area ≥ 2.0 cm²; facial soft-tissue contusion; facial scratch length ≥ 4.0 cm.\n4. Fracture of the medial orbital wall.\n5. Eye contusion; post-traumatic effect on appearance.\n6. Auricle (pinna) wound.\n7. Nasal bone fracture; epistaxis (nosebleed).\n8. Fracture of the frontal process of the maxilla.\n9. Oral mucosal laceration; tongue injury.\n10. Tooth avulsion or defect; alveolar process fracture; loosening of ≥ 2 teeth, or ≥ 1 tooth with grade III mobility.\n\n## Hearing (Auditory Organ) and Vision (Visual Organ)\n1. Traumatic tympanic membrane perforation.\n2. Hemotympanum (blood in the tympanic cavity).\n3. Hearing loss after trauma.\n\nVision: Eyeball injury affecting visual acuity.\n\n## Neck\n1. Neck wound or scar length ≥ 1.0 cm.\n2. Neck abrasion area ≥ 4.0 cm².\n3. Neck contusion area ≥ 2.0 cm².\n4. Neck scratch length ≥ 5.0 cm.\n\n## Chest and Abdomen\n### Chest injuries\n1. Rib fracture; costal cartilage fracture.\n2. Abrasion/contusion of the female breast.\n\n### Abdomen\nTraumatic hematuria.\n\n## Pelvis and Perineum\n1. Perineal soft-tissue contusion.\n2. Perineal wound; scrotal wound; penile wound.\n3. Scrotal skin contusion.\n4. Testicular or penile contusion.\n5. Threatened miscarriage due to trauma.\n\n## Spine and Limbs\n1. In one limb: wound or scar length ≥ 1.0 cm; or for two or more wounds/scars: total length ≥ 1.5 cm; or puncture wound penetrating to the muscle layer.\n2. Injury to a limb joint, tendon, or ligament.\n3. Bone contusion.\n4. Foot bone fracture.\n5. Trauma causing toenail avulsion with exposed nail bed; nail-bed bleeding.\n6. Coccygeal dislocation.\n\n## Hand\n1. Hand abrasion area ≥ 10.0 cm², or contusion area ≥ 6.0 cm².\n2. On the hand: one wound or scar length ≥ 1.0 cm; or for two or more wounds/scars: total length ≥ 1.5 cm; or puncture wound penetrating to the muscle layer.\n3. Hand joint or tendon injury.\n4. Fracture of the carpal, metacarpal, or phalangeal bones.\n5. Trauma causing fingernail avulsion with exposed nail bed; nail-bed bleeding.\n\n## Body Surface\n1. Abrasion area ≥ 20.0 cm², or contusion area ≥ 15.0 cm².\n2. One wound or scar length ≥ 1.0 cm; or for two or more wounds/scars: total length ≥ 1.5 cm; or puncture wound penetrating to the muscle layer.\n3. Bite injury causing skin laceration.\n\n## Other\n1. Chop (stab) marks on the cortical bone in any body part; minor avulsion fracture without functional impairment.\n2. First-degree facial burn/scald area ≥ 10.0 cm²; superficial second-degree burn/scald.\n3. First-degree neck burn/scald area ≥ 15.0 cm²; superficial second-degree burn/scald area ≥ 2.0 cm².\n4. First-degree body-surface burn/scald area ≥ 20.0 cm²; superficial second-degree burn/scald area ≥ 4.0 cm²; deep second-degree burn/scald."
}